友情提示:如果本网页打开太慢或显示不完整,请尝试鼠标右键“刷新”本网页!
第三电子书 返回本书目录 加入书签 我的书架 我的书签 TXT全本下载 『收藏到我的浏览器』

大之至者谓之元-闲话元朝往事-第31部分

快捷操作: 按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页 按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页 按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部! 如果本书没有阅读完,想下次继续接着阅读,可使用上方 "收藏到我的浏览器" 功能 和 "加入书签" 功能!

”第二天,威灵顿立即派人给那位农民送去了五百英镑。

拿破仑战争结束后,威灵顿长期担任英国陆军总司令,1828年,他担任英王乔治四世的首相,1830年辞职,1834年1835年,任英国外交大臣。威灵顿在政治上反对改革,曾反对“改革法案”,镇压1848年宪章运动。威灵顿在军队建设上,对于建设具有较高战斗力的英国陆军贡献颇大,发扬了英国陆军擅长防卫作战的传统,培养了部队的勇敢坚定精神,同时,他在军事上也坚持旧的观点和制度,要求按门第选拔军官,并主张棍棒纪律。1852年9月14号,威灵顿死于瓦尔麦尔(WALMER)城堡,在圣保罗大教堂国葬,年八十余岁。

随着滑铁卢之战英国的获胜,拿破仑再次退位,历经二十二年的反法战争终于结束了,英国百折不挠,组织了七次反法同盟,终于取得了最后的胜利。

1815年的维也纳会议,英国得到了不少战略要地,为日后建立更为庞大的第二大英帝国取得了优势。

1783年北美各殖民地的独立,使得第一大英帝国瓦解,而英国对拿破仑战争的胜利,使得法国再也不是英国的对手,英国取得了建立第二帝国的优势,另外,北美独立后,英国还保有加拿大,而几乎与北美独立的同时,英国又发现了澳大利亚,更为重要的是,拿破仑战争之后,英国取得的重要战略据点,都可以保证其进一步征服印度,第二大英帝国开始逐步形成,而印度就是以后的第二大英帝国最重要的基石,拿破仑战争的胜利,确保了印度以后必将为英国所占有。

回过头来再说乔治三世,前面说过,在北美独立后,乔治三世权势不再。不过,后来他还是有重掌大权的机会,1789年法国大革命的爆发,英国举国上下都支持对法国作战,此时,乔治三世又成了英国全国支持的国王,但是,北美独立对乔治三世的打击实在是太大了,他没有利用这个机会重整旗鼓,而是宁愿过淡薄平静的生活,听由首相和内阁去进行对法国的战事。

在此期间,乔治三世只是在不列颠群岛的内部事务上起过一点影响,这就是前面说的,合并爱尔兰的问题,英国首相小皮特想解放爱尔兰的天主教徒们,遭到坚定的新教徒乔治三世的坚决反对,小皮特因而于1801年辞职,乔治三世说服阿丁顿组阁,后来,1804年小皮特再度上台执政时,没有再坚持解放爱尔兰的天主教徒。

在辉格党短暂执政时期,乔治三世赞同对法议和,同意停止奴隶贸易,但是,他仍然坚决反对解放爱尔兰的天主教徒,其影响甚至一直波及到今天的爱尔兰局势。

乔治三世还与中国有一段联系,1793年,55岁的乔治三世派特使马噶尔尼勋爵出访中国,整个英国都为这次出访作准备,光是准备礼品就花了一年多的时间。他们把他们认为最好的东西精心准备,打算带到中国。英国人兴高采烈地说:“把我们最新的发明:蒸汽机、棉纺机、梳理机、织布机介绍给中国人,准会让这个好奇而又灵巧的民族高兴的。”,“许多曾去过东方的使团写的纪行让我们深信每个使团均应配备卫队。在皇帝面前迅速变换队形,表演炮兵的装备一定会给人留下深刻的印象,因而支持我们的外交活动。”

英国使团费尽心思拟就的礼品单介绍了如下礼品:

1,天体运行仪,该仪器演示了太阳系的构成。它能精确地模仿地球的绕日运动,以及月球绕地球运动;从仪器上还可看到太阳的轨道,带4颗卫星的木星,带光圈及卫星的火星等。“这个仪器是欧洲最精密的,它所设计的天体运行情况可适用一千多年。”

2,地球仪,它标有世界各国的位置、首都、山脉和河流。

3,“欧洲各国都承认英国是世界上最强大的海洋国家,因此英王陛下想在给皇帝陛下派遣使团的同时派遣几艘最大的船只,以示敬意。但鉴于黄海中有暗礁,而欧洲的航海家又根本不熟悉这段海路,英王陛下不得已派遣一些较小的船只。另外,英王陛下赠送给皇帝陛下英国最大的装备有一百一十门最大口径火炮的‘君主号’战列舰的模型。”

英国人在装船时设想中国人在见到见到这些世界上最先进的东西之后,会很快同意建立正式外交关系、互派使节、扩大贸易。

乔治三世在给乾隆帝的信中说:“我们由于各自的君位而似兄弟,如果在我们之间永远建立一种兄弟般的情谊,我们将极为愉快。”他是把欧洲各国君主的兄弟关系也用到乾隆这里了,但是,乾隆却完全不这么想。中国官员热情接待了英国使团,不过,这种热情是出于认为“英吉利远在重洋,经数万里之程,历十一月之久,输诚纳贡,实为古今所未有。”被认为是装点乾隆盛世的一件喜事。在承德山庄举行的八十二岁生日庆典上,乾隆帝也开恩接见了英国使团。不过英国是和那些进贡的藩国一起被接见的,英国人被安排在光着脚带着鼻环的缅甸使臣的后面。英国人虽然对这种安排有点心烦意乱,但是,还是毕恭毕敬地谒见了乾隆帝。英国人在回忆录中说,八十多岁的乾隆皇帝步伐稳健,动作敏捷,象是只有五十多岁,举止高贵和蔼。在一系列长长的接见之后,终于轮到了英国人。马戛尔尼递上了乔治三世的国书。皇帝在典礼之后看了礼品单,他对接待使团的官员交待:“单内所载物件,俱不免张大其词。此盖夷性见小,自以为独得之秘,以夸炫其制造之精奇。著征瑞于无意之中向彼闲谈:尔国所贡之物,天朝原亦有之,庶该使臣不敢居奇自炫。”后来,乾隆亲自参观了这些礼品,这位八十多岁的大皇帝指着这些礼品笑道:“这些可以给小孩子当玩具”。 半个月之后,乾隆帝给英王乔治三世回了信,断然拒绝英国想和中国建立平等外交关系的请求,信中这样写道:“……其实天朝德威远被,万国来王,种种贵重之物,梯航毕集,无所不有,尔之正使等所亲见,然从不贵其巧,并无更需尔国制办物件。是尔国王所请派人留京一事,于天朝体制,即属不合,而于尔国,亦殊觉无益,特此详晰开示,谴令贡使等安程回国,尔国王惟当善体朕意,益励款诚,永矢恭顺,以保尔邦共享天平之福……”

英国使团提出要求在中国派驻英国使节,遭到拒绝。乾隆命英国使团在回国前纵穿中国,以令夷人了解“天朝盛世”的“富强”。马戛尔尼回国后,根据他纵穿中国,对社会阶层的所见所闻,在提交给政府的报告书中作出了结论:中国科学极度落后,人民普遍贫穷,军队不像军队,腐败处处可见。他指出,“清政府的政策跟自负有关,它很想凌驾各国,但目光极为短浅,只知道防止人民智力进步”,同时预言“鞑靼王朝将继续压制人民,并将发生变乱”。 乾隆命英使纵穿中国,本是为让夷人震惊“天朝上国”的“富强”,但是,认真的英国人马戛尔尼并没有被清廷官府豪华的排场所迷惑,对所谓“乾隆盛世”得出了否定的结论。他归国后的报告,使英国开始掂出了清帝国的斤两。这里,有兴趣的朋友可以详细看一看乾隆对乔治三世的答复

乾隆致英王乔治三世书(汉英对照)

奉天承运皇帝敕谕英咭利国王知悉,咨尔国王远在重洋,倾心向化,特遣使恭赍表章,航海来廷,叩祝万寿,并备进方物,用将忱悃。
 
You; O King; live beyond the confines of many seas; nevertheless; impelled by your humble desire to partake of the benefits of our civilization; you have dispatched a mission respectfully bearing your memorial。 Your Envoy has crossed the seas and paid his respects at my Court on the anniversary of my birthday。 To show your devotion; you have also sent offerings of your country's produce。 

朕披阅表文,词意肫恳,具见尔国王恭顺之诚,深为嘉许。所有赍到表贡之正副使臣,念其奉使远涉,推恩加礼。已令大臣带领瞻觐,赐予筵宴,叠加赏赉,用示怀柔。其已回珠山之管船官役人等六百余名,虽未来京,朕亦优加赏赐,俾得普沾恩惠,一视同仁。

I have perused your memorial: the earnest terms in which it is couched reveal a respectful humility on your part; which is highly praiseworthy。 In consideration of the fact that your Ambassador and his deputy have e a long way with your memorial and tribute; I have shown them high favour and have allowed them to be introduced into my presence。 To manifest my indulgence; I have entertained them at a banquet and made them numerous gifts。 I have also caused presents to be forwarded to the Naval mander and six hundred of his officers and men; although they did not e to Peking; so that they too may share in my all embracing kindness。 

至尔国王表内恳请派一尔国之人住居天朝,照管尔国买卖一节,此则与天朝体制不合,断不可行。向来西洋各国有愿来天朝当差之人,原准其来京,但既来之后,即遵用天朝服色,安置堂内,永远不准复回本国,此系天朝定制,想尔国王亦所知悉。今尔国王欲求派一尔国之人居住京城,既不能若来京当差之西洋人,在京居住不归本国,又不可听其往来,常通信息,实为无益之事。
 
As to your entreaty to send one of your nationals to be accredited to my Celestial Court and to be in control of your country's trade with China; this request is contrary to all usage of my dynasty and cannot possibly be entertained。 It is true that Europeans; in the service of the dynasty; have been permitted to live at Peking; but they are pelled to adopt Chinese dress; they are strictly confined to their own precincts and are never permitted to return home。 You are presumably familiar with our dynastic regulations。 Your proposed Envoy to my Court could not be placed in a position similar to that of European officials in Peking who are forbidden to leave China; nor could he; on the other hand; be allowed liberty of movement and the privilege of corresponding with his own country; so that you would gain nothing by his residence in our midst。 
 
且天朝所管地方至为广远,凡外藩使臣到京,驿馆供给,行止出入,俱有一定体制,从无听其自便之例。今尔国若留人在京,言语不通,服饰殊制,无地可以安置。若必似来京当差之西洋人,令其一律改易服饰,天朝亦不肯强人以所难。设天朝欲差人常驻尔国,亦岂尔国所能遵行?况西洋诸国甚多,非止尔一国。若俱似尔国王恳请派人留京,岂能一一听许?是此事断断难行。岂能因尔国王一人之请,以至更张天朝百余年法度。若云尔国王为照料买卖起见,则尔国人在澳门贸易非止一日,原无不加以恩视。即如从前博尔都噶尔亚(葡萄牙),意达哩亚等国屡次遣使来朝,亦曾以照料贸易为请。天朝鉴其悃忱,优加体恤。凡遇该国等贸易之事,无不照料周备。前次广东商人吴昭平有拖欠洋船价值银两者,俱饬令该管总督由官库内先行动支帑项代为清还,并将拖欠商人重治其罪。想此事尔国亦闻知矣。外国又何必派人留京,为此越例断不可行之请,况留人在京,距澳门贸易处所几及万里,伊亦何能照料耶?

Moreover; our Celestial dynasty possesses vast territories; and tribute missions from the dependencies are provided for by the Department for Tributary States; which ministers to their wants and exercises strict control over their movements。 It would be quite impossible to leave them to their own devices。 Supposing that your Envoy should e to our Court; his language and national dress differ from that of our people; and there would be no place in which to bestow him。 It may be suggested that he might imitate the Europeans permanently resident in Peking and adopt the dress and customs of China; but; it has never been our dynasty's wish to force people to do things unseemly and inconvenient。 Besides; supposing I sent an Ambassador to reside in your country; how could you possibly make for him the requisite arrangements? Europe consists of many other nations besides your own: if each and all demanded to be represented at our Court; how could we possibly consent? The thing is utterly impracticable。 How can our dynasty alter its whole procedure and system of etiquette; established for more than a century; in order to meet your individual views? If it be said that your object is to exercise control over your country's trade; your nationals have had full liberty to trade at Canton for many a year; and have received the greatest consideration at our hands。 Missions have been sent by Portugal and Italy; preferring similar requests。 The Throne appreciated their sincerity and loaded them with favours; besides authorising measures to facilitate their trade with China。 You are no doubt aware that; when my Canton merchant; Wu Chaoping; was in debt to the foreign ships; I made the Viceroy advance the monies due; out of the provincial treasury; and ordered him to punish the culprit severely。 Why then should foreign nations advance this utterly unreasonable request to be represented at my Court? Peking is nearly two thousand miles from Canton; and at such a distance what possible control could any British representative exercise? 
 
若云仰慕天朝,欲其观习教化,则天朝自有天朝礼法,与尔国各不相同。尔国所留之人即能习学,尔国自有风俗制度,亦断不能效法中国,即学会亦属无用。

If you assert that your reverence for Our Celestial dynasty fills you with a desire to acquire our civilization; our ceremonies and code of laws differ so pletely from your own that; even if your Envoy were able to acquire the rudiments of our civilization; you could not possibly transplant our manners and customs to your alien soil。 Therefore; however adept the Envoy might bee; nothing would be gained thereby。 
 
天朝抚有四海,惟励精图治,办理政务,奇珍异宝,并不贵重。尔国王此次赍进
返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0
快捷操作: 按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页 按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页 按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
温馨提示: 温看小说的同时发表评论,说出自己的看法和其它小伙伴们分享也不错哦!发表书评还可以获得积分和经验奖励,认真写原创书评 被采纳为精评可以获得大量金币、积分和经验奖励哦!