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路由器基本知识及应用实例(DOC格式)-第6部分

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System Bootstrap; Version 11。3(2)XA4; RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
Copyright (c) 1999 by cisco Systems; Inc。
TAC:Home:SW:IOS:Specials for info
C2600 platform with 32768 Kbytes of main memory


program load plete; entry point: 0x80008000; size: 0x6fdb4c

Self depressing the image : ###############################
##############################################################
##############################################################
##############################################################
############################### 'OK'


 Restricted Rights Legend

Use; duplication; or disclosure by the Government is
subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph
(c) of the mercial puter Software Restricted
Rights clause at FAR sec。 52。227…19 and subparagraph
(c) (1) (ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and puter
Software clause at DFARS sec。 252。227…7013。

 cisco Systems; Inc。
 170 West Tasman Drive
 San Jose; California 95134…1706

Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600…I…M); Version 12。3(3a); RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Copyright (c) 1986…2003 by cisco Systems; Inc。
piled wed 15…Oct…03 02:21 by phanguye
Image text…base: 0x80008088; data…base: 0x80C524F8

cisco 2611 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x202) with 26624K/6144K bytes of memory。
Processor board ID JAB031202NK (3878188963)
M860 processor: part number 0; mask 49
Bridging software。
X。25 software; Version 3。0。0。
Basic Rate ISDN software; Version 1。1。
2 Ethernet/IEEE 802。3 interface(s)
2 Serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s)
32K bytes of non…volatile configuration memory。
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 1 (Read/Write)
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 2 (Read/Write)


 ……System Configuration Dialog ………

Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? 'yes/no': n

Press RETURN to get started!

00:00:19: %LINK…3…UPDOWN: Interface BRI0/0; changed state to up
00:00:19: %LINK…3…UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0/0; changed state to up
00:00:19: %LINK…3…UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0/1; changed state to up
00:00:19: %LINK…3…UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0; changed state to down
00:00:19: %LINK…3…UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/1; changed state to down
00:00:20: %LINEPROTO…5…UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface BRI0/0; changed state to down
00:00:20: %LINEPROTO…5…UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0; changed state to up
Router》
00:00:20: %LINEPROTO…5…UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/1; changed state to up
00:00:20: %LINEPROTO…5…UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0; changed state to down
00:00:20: %LINEPROTO…5…UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/1; changed state to down
00:00:50: %SYS…5…RESTART: System restarted ……
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600…IS…M); Version 12。3(3a); RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Copyright (c) 1986…2003 by cisco Systems; Inc。
piled wed 15…Oct…0302:21 by phanguye
00:00:50: %LINK…5…CHANGED: Interface BRI0/0; changed state to administratively down
00:00:52: %LINK…5…CHANGED: Interface Ethernet0/0; changed state to administratively down
00:00:52: %LINK…5…CHANGED: Interface Serial0/0; changed state to administratively down
00:00:52: %LINK…5…CHANGED: Interface Ethernet0/1; changed state to administratively down
00:00:52: %LINK…5…CHANGED: Interface Serial0/1; changed state to administratively down
00:00:53: %LINEPROTO…5…UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0; changed state to down
00:00:53: %LINEPROTO…5…UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/1; changed state to down
Router》
Router》enable
Router#copy startup…config running…config
Destination filename 'running…config'?
1324 bytes copied in 2。35 secs (662 bytes/sec)
Router#
00:01:24: %LINEPROTO…5…UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface BRI0/0:1; changed state to down
00:01:24: %LINEPROTO…5…UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface BRI0/0:2; changed state to down
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration mands; one per line。 End with CNTL/Z。
Router(config)#enable secret cisco

Router(config)#^Z
00:01:54: %SYS…5…CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router#show ip interface brief

Interface      IP…Address        OK?     Method     Status                   Protocol
Ethernet0/0    10。200。40。37      YES     TFTP       administratively down    down
Serial0/0      unassigned        YES     TFTP       administratively down    down
BRI0/0         193。251。121。157   YES     unset      administratively down    down
BRI0/0:1       unassigned        YES     unset      administratively down    down
BRI0/0:2       unassigned        YES     unset      administratively down    down
Ethernet0/1    unassigned        YES     TFTP       administratively down    down
Serial0/1      unassigned        YES     TFTP       administratively down    down
Loopback0      193。251。121。157   YES     TFTP       up                       up
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration mands; one per line。 End with CNTL/Z。
Router(config)#interface Ethernet0/0
Router(config…if)#no shutdown
Router(config…if)#
00:02:14: %LINK…3…UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0/0; changed state to up
00:02:15: %LINEPROTO…5…UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0; changed state to up
Router(config…if)#interface BRI0/0
Router(config…if)#no shutdown
Router(config…if)#
00:02:26: %LINK…3…UPDOWN: Interface BRI0/0:1; changed state to down
00:02:26: %LINK…3…UPDOWN: Interface BRI0/0:2; changed state to down
00:02:26: %LINK…3…UPDOWN: Interface BRI0/0; changed state to up
00:02:115964116991: %ISDN…6…LAYER2UP: Layer 2 for Interface BR0/0; TEI 68 changed to up
Router(config…if)#^Z
Router#
00:02:35: %SYS…5…CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
Router#copy running…config startup…config
Destination filename 'startup…config'?
Building configuration。。。
'OK'
Router#show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600…I…M); Version 12。3(3a); RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Copyright (c) 1986…2003 by cisco Systems; Inc。
piled wed 15…Oct…03 02:21 by phanguye
Image text…base: 0x80008088; data…base: 0x80C524F8

ROM: System Bootstrap; Version 11。3(2)XA4; RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)

Router uptime is 3 minutes
System returned to ROM by abort at PC 0x802D0B60
System image file is 〃flash:c2600…i…mz。123…3a。bin〃

cisco 2611 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x202) with 26624K/6144K bytes of memory。
Processor board ID JAB031202NK (3878188963)
M860 processor: part number 0; mask 49
Bridging software。
X。25 software; Version 3。0。0。
Basic Rate ISDN software; Version 1。1。
2 Ethernet/IEEE 802。3 interface(s)
2 Serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s)
32K bytes of non…volatile configuration memory。
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 1 (Read/Write)
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 2 (Read/Write)

Configuration register is 0x2142

Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration mands; one per line。 End with CNTL/Z。
Router(config)#config…register 0x2102
Router(config)#^Z
00:03:20: %SYS…5…CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

Router#show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software
IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600…I…M); Version 12。S ; RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Copyright (c) 1986…2003 by cisco Systems; Inc。
piled wed 15…Oct…03 02:21 by phanguye
Image text…base: 0x80008088; data…base: 0x80C524F8

ROM: System Bootstrap; Version 11。3(2)XA4; RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)

Router uptime is 3 minutes
System returned to ROM by abort at PC 0x802D0B60
System image file is 〃flash:c2600…i…mz。123…3a。bin〃

cisco 2611 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x202) with 26624K/6144K bytes of memory。
Processor board ID JAB031202NK (3878188963)
M860 processor: part number 0; mask 49
Bridging software。
X。25 software; Version 3。0。0。
Basic Rate ISDN software; Version 1。1。
2 Ethernet/IEEE 802。3 interface(s)
2 Serial(sync/async) network interface(s)
1 ISDN Basic Rate interface(s)
32K bytes of non…volatile configuration memory。
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 1 (Read/Write)
8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 2 (Read/Write)

Configuration register is 0x2142 (will be 0x2102 at next reload)

Router#

2。2。4。2 控制口的操作
每个路由器都有一个控制口,控制口的线号通常为0。使用标准的RS232线连接控制口进行配置工作,如 Figure 4…1。 通常每个路由器都带有一根控制口线。 
Figure 4…1。 控制口线的连接


可以使用VT100终端模拟器来连接路由器,连接的默认配置如下:
9600 baud rate?
No parity
8 data bits
1 stop bit 
No flow control
 使用line命令;设置对控制口的访问。下面是基本配置: 
Router#config terminal
Router(config)#service linenumber
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config…line)#location Building…2A
Router(config…line)#exec…timeout 30 0

其中location 命令定义了设备的位置,service linenumber 命令向用户显示设备的位置信息。exec…timeout 30 0的作用是:如果控制口空闲超过30分钟,则自动关闭这次会话。
还可以为控制口的访问设定用户名和口令,并强制使用本地用户。 
Router(config)#username bob password letmein
Router(config)#line console 0
Router(config…line)#login local

2。2。5 常见故障分析
2。2。5。1  CPU 利用率过高
 高CPU利用率征兆
下面列出了一些CPU利用率过高的通常的征兆。如果你注意有这些征兆出现,请遵照该文件中差错的步骤消除故障。
show processes cpu 命令输出中的过高的百分比
比较低的性能
路由器上的服务不能响应,例如:
* 对Telnet响应慢或不响应
* 对控制台console响应慢
* 对ping响应慢或不响应
* 路由器不向其他路由器发送路由更新

初始 Troubleshooting
一旦你注意出现了以上的征兆:
检查可能的安全问题。通常,高CPU利用率会由一个安全问题引起,例如网络中的蠕虫病毒等。如果最近你的网络中没有做任何的变化,那么更有可能是由它引起。经常,配置的变化,如在访问控制列表中增加几行可以减轻这一问题的影响。 Cisco Product Security Advisories and Notices 包含检测问题的起因和特定的解决方案。
确认所有debug 命令都已关闭( 使用命令undebug all 或 no debug all ) 
你还可以在路由器上使用 show 命令吗? 如果可以,立即使用show命令收集更多的信息。
确定起因
使用命令 show processes cpu 检查CPU利用率过高的起因。
show processes cpu 命令
这是show processes cpu 命令的例子:
 CPU utilization for five seconds: X%/Y%; one minute: Z%; five minutes: W% 
  PID  Runtime(ms)  Invoked  uSecs    5Sec   1Min   5Min TTY Process 
This table describes the fields in the header:
Field
Description
X
过去5秒钟的平均使用率 (interrupts + processes)
Y
过去5秒钟中断(interrupts)的使用率
Z
过去1分钟CPU使用率
W
过去5分钟平均使用率
PID
进程 ID
Runtime
进程使用的CPU 时间(毫秒- milliseconds)
Invoked
进程被调用的次数
Usecs
每次调用的CPU时间(微秒)
5Sec
过去5秒CPU 使用率
1Min
过去1分钟CPU 使用率
5Min
过去5分钟CPU 使用率
TTY
控制进程的Terminal
Process
进程的名称
2。2。5。2 分配内存失败
什么是分配内存失败?
* 路由器使用了所有的可用内存(临时或永久地); 或
* 内存碎片导致路由器无法找到合适的可用内存块。
征兆
内存分配失败的征兆包括但不仅仅是以下几点:
* 控制台(console)或 log 信息: 〃%SYS…2…MALLOCFAIL: Memory allocation of 1028 bytes failed from 0x6015EC84; Pool Processor; alignment 0〃
* 拒绝 Telnet 会话
* 控制台只显示show processor memory 命令,无论你键入任何命令
* 无 show 的输出
* 〃Low on memory〃 信息
* 控制台(console)信息 〃Unable to create EXEC no memory or too many processes〃
1。 路由器挂起,没有控制台响
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