ÓÑÇéÌáʾ£ºÈç¹û±¾ÍøÒ³´ò¿ªÌ«Âý»òÏÔʾ²»ÍêÕû£¬Çë³¢ÊÔÊó±êÓÒ¼ü¡°Ë¢Ð¡±±¾ÍøÒ³£¡
µÚÈýµç×ÓÊé ·µ»Ø±¾ÊéĿ¼ ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ© ÎÒµÄÊé¼Ü ÎÒµÄÊéÇ© TXTÈ«±¾ÏÂÔØ ¡ºÊղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷¡»

VB2008´ÓÈëÃŵ½¾«Í¨(PDF¸ñʽӢÎÄ°æ)-µÚ39²¿·Ö

¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿! Èç¹û±¾ÊéûÓÐÔĶÁÍ꣬ÏëÏ´μÌÐø½Ó×ÅÔĶÁ£¬¿ÉʹÓÃÉÏ·½ "Êղص½ÎÒµÄä¯ÀÀÆ÷" ¹¦ÄÜ ºÍ "¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©" ¹¦ÄÜ£¡


¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡not¡¡use¡¡the¡¡ExchangeRate¡¡property£»¡¡we¡¡would¡¡need¡¡to¡¡create¡¡a¡¡method¡¡that¡¡assigns¡¡the¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡exchange¡¡rate¡¡and¡¡a¡¡method¡¡that¡¡retrieves¡¡the¡¡exchange¡¡rate¡£¡¡The¡¡methods¡¡would¡¡behave¡¡like¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡property£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡as¡¡convenient¡¡to¡¡use¡£¡¡¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Rewriting¡¡the¡¡Test¡¡Code¡¡to¡¡Use¡¡Properties¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡interesting¡¡thing¡¡about¡¡Visual¡¡Basic¡¡properties¡¡is¡¡that¡¡they¡¡look¡¡and¡¡behave¡¡like¡¡data¡¡members¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡means¡¡with¡¡Visual¡¡Basic¡¡properties£»¡¡the¡¡test¡¡code¡¡does¡¡not¡¡need¡¡to¡¡be¡¡rewritten£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡test¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡code¡¡still¡¡assumes¡¡a¡¡direct¡¡access¡¡to¡¡the¡¡variable¡£¡¡Consider¡¡the¡¡rewritten¡¡CurrencyTrader¡¡that¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡exposes¡¡ExchangeRate¡¡as¡¡a¡¡Visual¡¡Basic¡¡property£»¡¡shown¡¡in¡¡Figure¡¡6¡­3¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Data¡¡member¡¡ExchangeRate¡¡is¡¡relabeled¡¡to¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Public¡¡MustInherit¡¡Class¡¡CurrencyTrader¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡_exchangeRate£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡scope¡¡is¡¡changed¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Private¡¡_exchangeRate¡¡As¡¡Double¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡public¡¡to¡¡private¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Public¡¡Property¡¡ExchangeRate£¨£©¡¡As¡¡Double¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Get¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Return¡¡_exchangeRate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡Visual¡¡Basic¡¡property¡¡declaration¡¡looks¡¡like¡¡a¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Get¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡function¡¡declaration¡¡without¡¡the¡¡parameters£»¡¡and¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Set£¨ByVal¡¡value¡¡As¡¡Double£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡Function£»¡¡Property¡¡is¡¡used¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡_exchangeRate¡¡=¡¡value¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Set¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Property¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Class¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡makes¡¡a¡¡property¡¡uniquely¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡different¡¡from¡¡a¡¡function¡¡are¡¡the¡¡Get¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡Set¡¡keywords¡¡used¡¡to¡¡return¡¡and¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡assign¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡property¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Figure¡¡6¡­3¡£¡¡Exposing¡¡ExchangeRate¡¡as¡¡a¡¡Visual¡¡Basic¡¡property¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡pletely¡¡fool¡¡the¡¡test£»¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡the¡¡property¡¡must¡¡be¡¡identical¡¡to¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡previously¡¡declared¡¡data¡¡member¡£¡¡So¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡identifier¡¡collision£»¡¡the¡¡data¡¡member¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ExchangeRate¡¡is¡¡renamed¡¡to¡¡_exchangeRate£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡scope¡¡changes¡¡from¡¡public¡¡to¡¡private¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Properties¡¡look¡¡like¡¡methods¡¡without¡¡parameters£»¡¡but¡¡have¡¡a¡¡return¡¡value¡£¡¡Also£»¡¡each¡¡prop

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡erty¡¡must¡¡have¡¡at¡¡least¡¡a¡¡Get¡¡code¡¡block¡¡or¡¡a¡¡Set¡¡block¡¡£¨it¡¡can¡¡have¡¡both£©£»¡¡which¡¡are¡¡called¡¡getters¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡setters¡£¡¡If¡¡a¡¡property¡¡has¡¡only¡¡a¡¡Get¡¡code¡¡block£»¡¡you¡¡have¡¡created¡¡a¡¡read¡­only¡¡property¡£¡¡If¡¡a¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡property¡¡has¡¡only¡¡a¡¡Set¡¡code¡¡block£»¡¡you¡¡have¡¡created¡¡a¡¡write¡­only¡¡property¡£¡¡Within¡¡the¡¡context¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡a¡¡property£»¡¡you¡¡can¡¡have¡¡only¡¡the¡¡Get¡¡or¡¡Set¡¡keyword¡£¡¡You¡¡cannot¡¡add¡¡any¡¡other¡¡code¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡following¡¡code¡¡will¡¡execute¡¡the¡¡code¡¡defined¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Get¡¡code¡¡block¡¡and¡¡retrieve¡¡the¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡state¡¡from¡¡the¡¡object¡¡to¡¡the¡¡variable¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡value¡¡=¡¡cls¡£ExchangeRate¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡the¡¡following¡¡code¡¡will¡¡execute¡¡the¡¡code¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¡Set¡¡code¡¡block¡¡and¡¡assign¡¡the¡¡state¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡the¡¡variable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡object¡£¡¡


¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­Page¡¡165¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CH¡¡A¡¡PT¡¡E¡¡R¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ö¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡L¡¡E¡¡A¡¡R¡¡N¡¡I¡¡N¡¡G¡¡¡¡¡¡T¡¡HE¡¡¡¡¡¡B¡¡AS¡¡IC¡¡S¡¡¡¡O¡¡F¡¡¡¡¡¡O¡¡B¡¡J¡¡E¡¡CT¡¡OR¡¡I¡¡E¡¡N¡¡TE¡¡D¡¡¡¡¡¡P¡¡R¡¡O¡¡G¡¡R¡¡AM¡¡M¡¡IN¡¡G¡¡143¡¡



cls¡£ExchangeRate¡¡=¡¡value¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Each¡¡code¡¡block¡¡has¡¡special¡¡features¡£¡¡The¡¡Get¡¡code¡¡block¡¡must¡¡always¡¡return¡¡data¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¡

caller¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡requires¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Return¡¡keyword¡£¡¡The¡¡Set¡¡code¡¡block¡¡has¡¡no¡¡requirements¡¡¡¡

to¡¡do¡¡anything¡£¡¡However£»¡¡if¡¡you¡¡want¡¡to¡¡know¡¡what¡¡data¡¡is¡¡being¡¡passed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡property£»¡¡you¡¡¡¡

can¡¡use¡¡the¡¡value¡¡parameter¡£¡¡



Understanding¡¡the¡¡Problems¡¡with¡¡Properties¡¡



Many¡¡programmers¡¡feel¡¡that¡¡properties¡¡promote¡¡bad¡¡programming¡¡practices¡£¡¡Properties¡¡expose¡¡¡¡

the¡¡internal¡¡state¡¡of¡¡an¡¡object¡£¡¡Looking¡¡at¡¡the¡¡previous¡¡source¡¡code£»¡¡you¡¡will¡¡see¡¡that¡¡the¡¡data¡¡¡¡

member¡¡_exchangeRate¡¡has¡¡a¡¡one¡­to¡­one¡¡relationship¡¡to¡¡the¡¡property¡¡¡¡ExchangeRate¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡caller¡¡¡¡

assigns¡¡the¡¡property¡¡ExchangeRate£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡private¡¡data¡¡member¡¡_exchangeRate¡¡is¡¡immediately¡¡¡¡

assigned¡£¡¡This¡¡exposes¡¡the¡¡internal¡¡state£»¡¡even¡¡though¡¡the¡¡exposure¡¡is¡¡indirect¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡an¡¡example£»¡¡say¡¡that¡¡you¡¡want¡¡to¡¡preheat¡¡an¡¡oven¡¡to¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡temperature¡¡to¡¡bake¡¡¡¡

something¡£¡¡The¡¡simplest¡¡way¡¡to¡¡preheat¡¡the¡¡oven¡¡is¡¡to¡¡monitor¡¡the¡¡temperature¡¡and¡¡create¡¡a¡¡¡¡

property¡¡Temperature£»¡¡like¡¡this£º¡¡



Class¡¡Oven¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Private¡¡_temperature¡¡As¡¡Integer¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Public¡¡Property¡¡Temperature£¨£©¡¡As¡¡Integer¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Get¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Return¡¡_temperature¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Get¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Set£¨ByVal¡¡Value¡¡As¡¡Integer£©¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡_temperature¡¡=¡¡Value¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Set¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Property¡¡

End¡¡Class¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡class¡¡Oven¡¡exposes¡¡its¡¡temperature¡¡as¡¡a¡¡property£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡a¡¡direct¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡the¡¡vari

able¡¡_temperature¡£¡¡The¡¡caller¡¡of¡¡Oven¡¡would¡¡periodically¡¡ask¡¡the¡¡oven¡¡for¡¡its¡¡temperature¡¡and¡¡¡¡

decide¡¡when¡¡the¡¡oven¡¡has¡¡been¡¡preheated¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡So£»¡¡is¡¡Oven¡¡in¡¡its¡¡current¡¡implementation¡¡actually¡¡a¡¡structural¡¡class£¿¡¡The¡¡user¡¡of¡¡Oven¡¡has¡¡¡¡

quite¡¡a¡¡bit¡¡of¡¡responsibility¡¡in¡¡that¡¡it¡¡must¡¡periodically¡¡query¡¡the¡¡temperature¡¡and¡¡decide¡¡if¡¡the¡¡¡¡

oven¡¡is¡¡preheated¡£¡¡A¡¡better¡¡implementation¡¡is¡¡to¡¡define¡¡a¡¡class¡¡that¡¡takes¡¡care¡¡of¡¡itself¡£¡¡The¡¡caller¡¡¡¡

would¡¡then¡¡just¡¡need¡¡to¡¡ask£»¡¡¡°Are¡¡you¡¡ready£¿¡±¡¡Here¡¯s¡¡how¡¡that¡¡code¡¡would¡¡look£º¡¡



Class¡¡Oven¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Private¡¡_temperature¡¡As¡¡Integer¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Public¡¡Sub¡¡SetTemperature£¨ByVal¡¡temperature¡¡As¡¡Integer£©¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡_temperature¡¡=¡¡temperature¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Sub¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Public¡¡Function¡¡AreYouPreheated£¨£©¡¡As¡¡Boolean¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡'¡¡Check¡¡if¡¡oven¡¡temperature¡¡matches¡¡prescribed¡¡temperature¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Return¡¡False¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Function¡¡

End¡¡Class¡¡


¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­Page¡¡166¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

144¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CH¡¡AP¡¡T¡¡E¡¡R¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ö¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡L¡¡E¡¡A¡¡R¡¡N¡¡IN¡¡G¡¡¡¡¡¡T¡¡HE¡¡¡¡¡¡B¡¡AS¡¡IC¡¡S¡¡¡¡O¡¡F¡¡¡¡¡¡OB¡¡J¡¡E¡¡CT¡¡OR¡¡I¡¡E¡¡N¡¡T¡¡E¡¡D¡¡¡¡¡¡P¡¡R¡¡O¡¡G¡¡R¡¡AM¡¡M¡¡IN¡¡G¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡modified¡¡implementation¡¡of¡¡Oven£»¡¡the¡¡data¡¡member¡¡_temperature¡¡is¡¡not¡¡externally¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡exposed¡£¡¡And¡¡in¡¡this¡¡situation£»¡¡the¡¡role¡¡of¡¡the¡¡data¡¡member¡¡_temperature¡¡is¡¡not¡¡to¡¡represent¡¡the¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡temperature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡oven£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡act¡¡as¡¡an¡¡upper¡¡limit¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the¡¡oven¡¡should¡¡be¡¡heated¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡upper¡¡limit¡¡is¡¡assigned¡¡using¡¡the¡¡SetTemperature£¨£©¡¡method¡£¡¡To¡¡check¡¡the¡¡temperature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡oven£»¡¡you¡¡don¡¯t¡¡retrieve¡¡the¡¡temperature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡oven£»¡¡but¡¡call¡¡the¡¡AreYouPreheated£¨£©¡¡method¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡caller¡¡receives¡¡either¡¡a¡¡True¡¡or¡¡¡¡False¡¡value¡¡to¡¡indicate¡¡whether¡¡or¡¡not¡¡the¡¡oven¡¡is¡¡ready¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡caller¡¡of¡¡Oven¡¡has¡¡the¡¡responsibility¡¡only¡¡of¡¡setting¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡temperature¡¡and¡¡asking¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡the¡¡oven¡¡is¡¡preheated¡£¡¡From¡¡this¡¡example£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡that¡¡you¡¡don¡¯t¡¡need¡¡properties¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡However£»¡¡you¡¡still¡¡need¡¡properties¡¡because¡¡Oven¡¡in¡¡its¡¡current¡¡form¡¡represents¡¡an¡¡easy¡­to¡­use¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡class¡¡that¡¡can¡¡be¡¡integrated¡¡at¡¡the¡¡architectural¡¡business¡­logic¡¡level¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡challenge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡developer¡¡is¡¡to¡¡bridge¡¡the¡¡gap¡¡between¡¡a¡¡raw¡¡structural¡¡class¡¡and¡¡the¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡exposure¡¡of¡¡an¡¡architectural¡¡business¡­logic¡­level¡¡class¡£¡¡That¡¡challenge¡¡will¡¡be¡¡met¡¡when¡¡the¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hotel¡¡currency¡¡trader¡¡and¡¡active¡¡currency¡¡trader¡¡are¡¡implemented¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Even¡¡with¡¡these¡¡arguments¡¡and¡¡the¡¡distinction¡¡between¡¡base¡¡class¡¡and¡¡architectural¡¡business

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡logic¡­level¡¡classes£»¡¡some¡¡still¡¡naysay¡¡properties¡£¡¡The¡¡reason¡¡has¡¡to¡¡do¡¡with¡¡controlling¡¡access¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Suppose¡¡you¡¡are¡¡in¡¡a¡¡grocery¡¡store£»¡¡waiting¡¡at¡¡the¡¡cash¡¡register¡£¡¡The¡¡cashier¡¡tallies¡¡up¡¡the¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡items£»¡¡arrives¡¡at¡¡a¡¡total£»¡¡and¡¡asks¡¡you¡¡to¡¡pay¡£¡¡Do¡¡you¡¡open¡¡your¡¡purse¡¡or¡¡wallet¡¡and¡¡let¡¡the¡¡cashier¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡get¡¡the¡¡credit¡¡card¡¡or¡¡cash£¿¡¡Along¡¡the¡¡same¡¡lines£»¡¡why¡¡can¡¯t¡¡you¡¡just¡¡place¡¡the¡¡cash¡¡into¡¡the¡¡cash¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡register£¿¡¡The¡¡answer¡¡to¡¡these¡¡questions¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡trust¡£¡¡As¡¡trustworthy¡¡as¡¡the¡¡cashier¡¡and¡¡shopper¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡be£»¡¡we¡¡feel¡¡better¡¡when¡¡we¡¡know¡¡we¡¡have¡¡the¡¡control¡£¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Let¡¯s¡¡go¡¡back¡¡to¡¡an¡¡example¡¡I¡¡mentioned¡¡at¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chapter£º¡¡allowing¡¡people¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡grab¡¡into¡¡your¡¡pockets¡£¡¡The¡¡previously¡¡defined¡¡Temperature¡¡property¡¡is¡¡allowing¡¡someone¡¡to¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡grab¡¡into¡¡your¡¡pockets¡£¡¡You¡¡wouldn¡¯t¡¡generally¡¡allow¡¡it£»¡¡but¡¡what¡¡if¡¡that¡¡person¡¡were¡¡your¡¡spouse¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡your¡¡mom£¿¡¡Would¡¡you¡¡still¡¡disallow¡¡it£¿¡¡The¡¡answer¡¡is¡¡very¡¡different£»¡¡because¡¡you¡¡probably¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡trust¡¡your¡¡mom¡¡or¡¡spouse¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡same¡¡way£»¡¡often¡¡state¡¡and¡¡its¡¡exposure¡¡are¡¡a¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡trust¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡using¡¡the¡¡right¡¡scope¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡öNote¡¡¡¡In¡¡this¡¡discussion¡¡of¡¡properties¡¡and¡¡object¡­oriented¡¡design£»¡¡my¡¡goal¡¡is¡¡to¡¡explain¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡place¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡time¡¡for¡¡both£»¡¡and¡¡you¡¡should¡¡not¡¡feel¡¡biased¡¡toward¡¡one¡¡approach¡¡or¡¡the¡¡other¡£¡¡When¡¡you¡¡design¡¡a¡¡type¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡does¡¡not¡¡reveal¡¡its¡¡state£»¡¡you¡¡are¡¡designing¡¡a¡¡type¡¡that¡¡fulfills¡¡an¡¡abstract¡¡intention¡£¡¡When¡¡you¡¡design¡¡a¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡type¡¡that¡¡reveals¡¡its¡¡state¡¡£¨to¡¡some¡¡extent£©¡¡through¡¡properties£»¡¡you¡¡are¡¡designing¡¡a¡¡type¡¡that¡¡is¡¡used¡¡at¡¡the¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡lower¡¡technical¡¡level¡£¡¡Also¡¡keep¡¡in¡¡mind¡¡that¡¡sometimes¡¡internal¡¡state¡¡is¡¡external¡¡state£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡the¡¡exchange¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡rate¡¡example¡£¡¡You¡¡cannot¡¡abstract¡¡away¡¡the¡¡exchange¡¡rate¡¡state¡¡because¡¡it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡number¡¡used¡¡in¡¡a¡¡calculation¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Understanding¡¡Inheritance¡¡and¡¡Scope¡¡Modifiers¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡At¡¡this¡¡point£»¡¡the¡¡¡¡ExchangeRate¡¡property¡¡is¡¡a¡¡mechanical¡¡property¡¡that¡¡will¡¡be¡¡used¡¡by¡¡any¡¡class¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡subclasses¡¡CurrencyTrader¡£¡¡So¡¡now¡¡we¡¡need¡¡to¡¡decide¡¡whether¡¡access¡¡to¡¡the¡¡property¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡be¡¡restricted¡£¡¡The¡¡answer¡¡is¡¡that¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡restricted¡¡to¡¡only¡¡those¡¡developers¡¡who¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡truly¡¡understand¡¡how¡¡to¡¡convert¡¡currencies¡£¡¡Access¡¡should¡¡be¡¡restricted¡¡to¡¡those¡¡classes¡¡that¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡subclass¡¡CurrencyTrader¡£¡¡Following¡¡is¡¡the¡¡rewritten¡¡version¡¡of¡¡CurrencyTrader¡£¡¡


¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­Page¡¡167¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡CH¡¡A¡¡PT¡¡E¡¡R¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ö¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡L¡¡E¡¡A¡¡R¡¡N¡¡I¡¡N¡¡G¡¡¡¡¡¡T¡¡HE¡¡¡¡¡¡B¡¡AS¡¡IC¡¡S¡¡¡¡O¡¡F¡¡¡¡¡¡O¡¡B¡¡J¡¡E¡¡CT¡¡OR¡¡I¡¡E¡¡N¡¡TE¡¡D¡¡¡¡¡¡P¡¡R¡¡O¡¡G¡¡R¡¡AM¡¡M¡¡IN¡¡G¡¡145¡¡



Public¡¡MustInherit¡¡Class¡¡CurrencyTrader¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Private¡¡_exchangeRate¡¡As¡¡Double¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Protected¡¡Property¡¡ExchangeRate£¨£©¡¡As¡¡Double¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Get¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Return¡¡_exchangeRate¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Get¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Set¡¡£¨ByVal¡¡value¡¡As¡¡Double£©¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡_exchangeRate¡¡=¡¡value¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Set¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡End¡¡Property¡¡

End¡¡Class¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡bolded¡¡code¡¡highlights¡¡three¡¡examples¡¡of¡¡scope¡¡access£º¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Public£º¡¡The¡¡type£»¡¡method£»¡¡data¡¡member£»¡¡or¡¡property¡¡can¡¡be¡¡accessed¡¡and¡¡referenced¡¡by¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡other¡¡type¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡context¡¡of¡¡a¡¡crowd¡¡of¡¡people£»¡¡it¡¡means¡¡anyone¡¡can¡¡reach¡¡into¡¡your¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡pocket¡¡and¡¡inspect¡¡your¡¡wallet¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Private£º¡¡The¡¡method£»¡¡data¡¡member£»¡¡or¡¡property¡¡can¡¡be¡¡accessed¡¡and¡¡referenced¡¡only¡¡by¡¡¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡type¡¡declaring¡¡the¡¡method£»¡¡data¡¡member£»¡¡or¡¡property¡£¡¡In¡¡th
·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©
¿ì½Ý²Ù×÷: °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³ °´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ °´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿!
ÎÂÜ°Ìáʾ£º ο´Ð¡ËµµÄͬʱ·¢±íÆÀÂÛ£¬Ëµ³ö×Ô¼ºµÄ¿´·¨ºÍÆäËüС»ï°éÃÇ·ÖÏíÒ²²»´íŶ£¡·¢±íÊéÆÀ»¹¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±Àø£¬ÈÏÕæдԭ´´ÊéÆÀ ±»²ÉÄÉΪ¾«ÆÀ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ´óÁ¿½ð±Ò¡¢»ý·ÖºÍ¾­Ñé½±ÀøŶ£¡