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VB2008从入门到精通(PDF格式英文版)-第104部分

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                          Or ticket2。Numbers(5) = number2ToSearch _ 

                          Select ticket2。Numbers 

              Return query。Count() 

           End Function 



                The LINQ statement is a concatenation of two LINQ queries; where one LINQ query is  

          bolded。 When the query is executed; the embedded query is executed and generates a result  

          set。 The result set is a data source on which the outer and second query operates; which then  

          generates another result set。 

               You do not need to embed LINQ queries as in the preceding code。 You could write functions  

          and embed the result of a LINQ query as the data source of another LINQ query。 The power of  

          LINQ is that you can; in theory; arbitrarily embed many queries within other queries; since you  

          are creating a filtering mechanism where one result set is the data source of another query。 


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                                                                   CH AP T E R   1 5   ■    L E A R N I N G   A B OU T   L I N Q 405 



■Note  LINQ’s strength is in its ability to slice and dice data to find the information that you want (which is  

easy because it is data source–agnostic)。 LINQ requires more resources than similar Visual Basic code in  

longhand format。 But the benefit you get with LINQ is reusable code that you can maintain。 



     In the preceding section; we used LINQ to solve the frequency problem in a manner that  

promoted reusability。 For example; if you wanted to find out more statistics of the lottery draws; all  

you would need to do is write more LINQ statements that sliced and diced the existing list  

of lottery draws。 It would require adding only the method calls to the IExtendedProcessor。 

Destroy() method。 However; let’s consider the problem solved and think about what else can  

be done with LINQ。  



Learning More LINQ Tricks 



LINQ is not the only way to filter data。 Associated with LINQ are a number of extension methods  

that can be applied to lists。 For example; to filter for the frequency of a particular number; the  

following code could also have been used。 



    Function FrequencyOfANumber(ByVal numberToSearch As Integer) As Integer 

        Dim query = _tickets。Where( _ 

                                   Function(ticket; index) _ 

                ticket。Numbers(0) = numberToSearch _ 

                Or ticket。Numbers(1) = numberToSearch _ 

                Or ticket。Numbers(2) = numberToSearch _ 

                Or ticket。Numbers(3) = numberToSearch _ 

                Or ticket。Numbers(4) = numberToSearch _ 

                Or ticket。Numbers(5) = numberToSearch) 

        Return query。Count() 

    End Function 



     The ideas of LINQ that include From; Where; and Select are not lost; they just have not been  

used。 The From part is the _tickets variable itself。 The Where part is the method Where(); and the  

Select part is a default selection of the currently selected node。  

     To specify an action with Where(); you use a lambda expression; which has two parame

ters: the object and the index of the object。 The lambda expression expects that you return a  

Boolean value indicating whether the ticket item should be added to a returned list。 

     LINQ is a syntax that wraps SQL…like text。 LINQ is much easier to understand and program  

than using the method…call syntax of the previous example。 Using the methods gives you more  

flexibility; but they also are more plicated to write。 

     For example; if you wanted to find the frequency of two numbers in a list; you could use  

this code: 


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406       CH AP T E R   1 5   ■    L E A R N I N G   A B OU T   L I N Q 



               Function FrequencyOfTwoNumbersList(ByVal number1ToSearch As Integer ; _ 

                                                  ByVal number2ToSearch As Integer) As Integer 

                   Dim query = _tickets。Where( _ 

                                              Function(ticket; index) _ 

                           ticket。Numbers(0) = number1ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(1) = number1ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(2) = number1ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(3) = number1ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(4) = number1ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(5) = number1ToSearch)。Where( _ 

                                              Function(ticket; index) _ 

                           ticket。Numbers(0) = number2ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(1) = number2ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(2) = number2ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(3) = number2ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(4) = number2ToSearch _ 

                           Or ticket。Numbers(5) = number2ToSearch) 

                   Return query。Count() 

               End Function 



                In the code; the bolded line demonstrates how the output of one method can serve as the  

           input for another method。 This chaining of methods works because the list method returns  

           other lists。 Thus; you could add multiple criteria by concatenating multiple Where() method calls。 

                The methods are used to filter or manipulate the set where the details of the method are  

           provided by a lambda expression。 Table 15…1 briefly describes some of the useful methods that  

           you can use to filter and manipulate a list。 The best way to learn about all of the methods is to  

           use Visual Basic Express; declare a list; and use IntelliSense to discover the different methods  

           available。 Also; see http://msdn2。microsoft。/en…us/vbasic/bb688088。aspx for many exam

           ples that demonstrate the various list…manipulation methods。 



           Table 15…1。 Some Methods for Filtering and Manipulating Lists 



           Method              Description 



           Aggregate()         Returns a fact about the list。 A fact could be how many even numbers there are  

                               or the frequency of a particular number。 All of the elements in the list are iterated  

                               and returned as a single fact; not as a list。 



           All()               Iterates all elements of the list and tests according to a lambda expression;  

                               where a True or False is returned。 For example; the test could be to find out if all  

                               objects have a value greater than 10。 The test needs to return only a True or  

                               False value for the individual object; where the All() method will correlate the  

                               results and return a True or  False。  



           Any()               Like All(); except that the question is changed to test if any of the objects meet  

                               the criteria; such as having a value greater than 10。 If so; then a True value is  

                               returned; otherwise; a False value is returned。 



           Average()           Calculates the average of a sequence of values。 The average value returned is  

                               a numeric Decimal value。 This method is a bit odd; because to calculate an  

                               average; you need numbers; even though the lambda expression could calcu

                               late the average of objects。 


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                                                                         CH AP T E R   1 5   ■    L E A R N I N G   A B OU T   L I N Q 407 



Table 15…1。 Some Methods for Filtering and Manipulating Lists (Continued) 



Method                Description 



Cast()                Returns a list where each item is converted from the list type to another type。  

                      This is a good method to use when you need to perform bulk conversions of  

                      instance types in a list。 



Concat()              Concatenates two lists。  



Contains()           Verifies whether an item is present in the list。 The method uses a lambda  

                      expression to determine whether the specified item is in the list; and returns  

                      True or  False accordingly。 



ConvertAll()          Returns a list where each item is converted from the list type to another type。  

                      This is a good method to use when you need to perform bulk conversions of  

                      instance types in a list。 



Distinct()            Removes all duplicates from a list。 By default; the implementation of Distinct()  

                      checks for equality by calling GetHashCode() first; and then calling  Equals() if  

                      necessary。 A variation of the Distinct() method is to supply an  IEqualityparer  

                      interface instance that can be used to determine whether two types are equal。  

                      However; a better approach would be to implement GetHashCode() and  

                      Equals()。 



Except()              Takes the current list and a passed…in list and performs a difference between  

                      the two sets; which is returned to the caller as a new dataset。 The equality tests  

                      are identical to Distinct()。 



Find()                Finds an element of a particular list。 Note that the lambda expression you use  

                      when it has found an element will cause the  Find() method to stop processing  

                      the list and return what you marked as found。  



FindAll()             Like Find(); except you can find multiple elements in a list。 This is like the  

                      Where() method。 



FindLast()            Like Find(); except the search starts at the end of the list。 



ForEach()            An iterator that uses a lambda expression to process each element。 The  

                      ForEach() method is a simplification of the code illustrated in Chapter 9。 



GroupBy()             Takes a list and splits it into specific groupings as per the provided lambda  

                      expression。 For example; you could use it to split the earnings of individuals  

                      into brackets。 



Intersect()           Takes the current list and a provided list and determines the elements that are  

                      mon to both lists。 Uses the same equality tests as Distinct()。 



Max()                 Finds the maximum value of a list。 



Min()                 Finds the minimum value of a list。 



Reverse()   
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